Consequence Assessment

Consequence Assessment

Definition(s)

Consequence Assessment

Product or process of identifying or evaluating the potential or actual effects of an event, incident, or occurrence.

Source:API STANDARD 780, Security Risk Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries, First Edition, May 2013. Global Standards

Consequence Assessment

Product or process of identifying or evaluating the potential or actual effects of an event, incident, or occurrence. Sample Usage: The consequence assessment for the hurricane included estimates for human casualties and property damage caused by the landfall of the hurricane and cascading effects. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Break-even Analysis

Break-even Analysis

Definition(s)

Break-even Analysis

Variant of cost-benefit analysis that estimates the threshold value at which a policy alternative's costs equal its benefits. Sample Usage: Break-even analysis showed that the proposed security policy would have to reduce the probability of attack by two orders of magnitude for its benefits to equal its costs; since this was judged unlikely, the proposed security policy was rejected. Annotation: Analysts have applied this technique to homeland security by calculating the minimum threat probability required for the risk reduction benefits of a security policy to exceed the costs. If decision makers believe the actual threat is greater than the calculated break-even threat level, then the expected benefits of the policy exceed the costs. The technique also may be applied to other uncertain parameters in the analysis. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Bayesian Probability (Subjective Probability)

Bayesian Probability (Subjective Probability)

Definition(s)

Bayesian Probability (Subjective Probability)

Interpretation or estimate of probability as a personal judgment or ―degree of belief‖ about how likely a particular event is to occur, based on the state of knowledge and available evidence Sample Usage: Analysts use their knowledge of terrorist strategies, objectives, and capabilities in combination with evidence from operations to estimate a subjective probability of 10 percent for an attack to occur within the next five years. An analyst may use Bayesian probability to estimate likelihood based on a degree of belief. Annotation:
  1. Like all probabilities, subjective probability is conventionally expressed on a scale from zero to one where zero indicates the event is impossible and one indicates the event has or certainly will occur.
  2. Within the subjective probability interpretation, it is possible to estimate probabilities of events (using experts or models) that have not previously occurred or that have only rarely occurred, such as acts of terrorism. However, because subjective probabilities incorporate historical or trial data when available, the subjective probability will approximate the frequentist probability as data becomes more plentiful.
  3. Subjective probability is currently one of the most common uses of probability among statisticians and the risk analysis community.
  4. Bayesian probability is colloquially used as a synonym for subjective probability. In statistical usage, Bayesian probabilistic inference is an approach to statistical inference that employs Bayes’ theorem to revise prior information using evidence.
Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Bayesian Probability

Bayesian Probability

Definition(s)

Bayesian Probability

The process of evaluating the probability of a hypothesis through 1) the specification of a prior probability and 2) modification of the prior probability by incorporation of observed information to create an updated posterior probability. Sample Usage: The analyst applied Bayesian probability techniques to incorporate new evidence and update her estimate of the threat probability. Annotation: This concept is also referred to as Bayesian probabilistic inference. Bayesian probability evaluates likelihoods as probabilities rather than frequencies. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Baseline Risk

Baseline Risk

Definition(s)

Baseline Risk

The normal operating condition level of risk that takes into account existing risk mitigation measures.

Source: API RP 781 Security Plan Methodology for the Oil and Natural Gas Industries.1st Ed. September 2016. Global Standards

Baseline Risk

Current level of risk that takes into account existing risk mitigation measures.

Source:API STANDARD 780, Security Risk Assessment Methodology for the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries, First Edition, May 2013. Global Standards

Baseline Risk

Current level of risk that takes into account existing risk mitigation measures. Sample Usage: Risk analysts for the locality calculated a baseline risk value before analyzing the risk reduction potential of two alternative strategies. Annotation: Often, the word ―risk‖ is used to imply ―baseline risk‖ with the unstated understanding that the reference is the current circumstances. It should not be confused with risk as a measurement, which can change with the substitution of different variables. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Alternative Futures Analysis

Alternative Futures Analysis

Definition(s)

Alternative Futures Analysis

Set of techniques used to explore different future states developed by varying a set of key trends, drivers, and/or conditions. Sample Usage: Strategic analysts used alternative futures analysis to investigate the effectiveness of a proposed policy in different possible futures. Extended Definition: includes forecasts, scenario analysis, and visioning. Annotation:
  1. This type of analysis can be used to test assumptions about future conditions, as well as identify ―weak signals‖ of trends that could be significant in the future and ―wildcard events‖ that – while unlikely – would have high impact should they occur.
  2. Alternative futures analysis can also test the robustness of alternative strategies, policies, or capabilities by evaluating the effectiveness of each, and evaluating trade-offs or complementarities among them, in a variety of potential future states ranging from the highly challenging to the visionary.
  3. Similar methods can be used to develop a statement of vision to motivate an organization to create the future it prefers in light of changes taking place in the environment.
Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Adaptive Risk

Adaptive Risk

Definition(s)

Adaptive Risk

Category of risk that includes threats intentionally caused by humans. Sample Usage: A terrorist plot to attack a public transportation system can be categorized as an adaptive risk. Annotation: Adaptive risks can include insider threats, civil disturbances, terrorism, or transnational crime. Those threats are caused by people that can change their behavior or characteristics in reaction to prevention, protection, response, or recovery measures taken. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Accidental Hazard

Accidental Hazard

Definition(s)

Accidental Hazard

Source of harm or difficulty created by negligence, error, or unintended failure. Sample Usage: The chemical storage tank in the loading area without a concrete barrier may present an accidental hazard. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Acceptable Risk

Acceptable Risk

Definition(s)

Acceptable Risk

Level of risk at which, given costs and benefits associated with risk reduction measures, no action is deemed to be warranted at a given point in time. Sample Usage: Extremely low levels of water-borne contaminants can be deemed an acceptable risk. Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Absolute Risk (Unmitigated)

Absolute Risk (Unmitigated)

Definition(s)

Absolute Risk (Unmitigated)

Level of risk that exists without risk controls. Sample Usage: An absolute risk value for the facility, assuming no security measures, was determined at the outset of the analysis. Extended Definition: a hypothetical condition that would exist if risk mitigation measures were absent. Annotation:
  1. The application of absolute risk to natural hazards is straightforward. It is a reasonable approximation of what the risk would be if all countermeasures were actually removed. It is commonly used as a step in calculating the risk-reduction value of existing or prospective countermeasures.
  2. The use of absolute risk for crime and terrorism involves limitations. In this context, absolute risk involves imagining that no countermeasures are in place. However, it does not involve imagining the response of adaptive intelligent adversaries in this absence of countermeasures. As a result, it is a poor approximation of what the actual risk would be if the countermeasures were removed.
  3. It is critical to be transparent about these assumptions when comparing any crime-or terrorism-related absolute risk (or calculation derived therein) to any other absolute risk-derived calculation.
Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Absolute Risk

Absolute Risk

Definition(s)

Absolute Risk

Level of risk expressed with standard units of measurement that allows for independent interpretation without comparison to estimates of other risks. Sample Usage: Analysts used the absolute risk estimate for a particular scenario to determine if a mitigation measure was cost effective. Annotation:
  1. The absolute risk value of a scenario has a meaningful independent interpretation in contrast to relative risk that is meaningful only in comparison to other similarly constructed risk values. 2) Can be measured using annualized lives lost, expected economic impact, or other metrics but it is not a ratio of risks.
  2. Can measure absolute level of risk pre-or post-risk reduction measures.
Source: DHS Risk Lexicon, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010 Edition. September 2010 Regulatory Guidance
Type of Protection “pD”

Type of Protection “pD”

Definition(s)

Type of Protection “pD”

technique of applying a protective gas to an enclosure in order to prevent the formation of an explosive dust atmosphere inside the enclosure by maintaining an overpressure against the surrounding atmosphere. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Type of Protection “tD” or Group III “t”

Type of Protection “tD” or Group III “t”

Definition(s)

Type of Protection “tD” or Group III “t”

Type of protection for explosive dust atmospheres where electrical equipment is provided with an enclosure providing dust ingress protection and a means to limit surface temperatures. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Intrinsically Safe Protection “i”

Intrinsically Safe Protection “i”

Definition(s)

Intrinsically Safe Protection “i”

Type of protection based on the restriction of electrical energy within apparatus and of interconnecting wiring exposed to the potentially explosive gas atmosphere to a level below that which can cause ignition by either sparking or heating effects. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Copy Winding

Copy Winding

Definition(s)

Copy Winding

Process by which a winding is totally or partially replaced by another, the characteristics and properties of which are at least as good as those of the original. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Symbol “X”

Symbol “X”

Definition(s)

Symbol "X"

Symbol used to denote specific conditions of use. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Certificate References

Certificate References

Definition(s)

Certificate References

A certificate reference number may refer to a single design or a range of equipment of similar design. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Repair Facility

Repair Facility

Definition(s)

Repair Facility

Facility providing a service that consists of repairs, overhauls, or reclamations of explosion protected equipment who may be the manufacturer, the user or a third party (repair agency). Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Component Part

Component Part

Definition(s)

Component Part

An indivisible item. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Serviceable Condition

Serviceable Condition

Definition(s)

Serviceable Condition

Permits a replacement or reclaimed component part to be used without prejudice to the performance or explosion protection aspects of the equipment, with due regard to the requirements of the certificate documentation as applicable, in which such a component part is used. Source: IEC 60079-19:2015, Explosive atmospheres – Part 19: Equipment repair, overhaul and reclamation, Edition 3.1, March 2015. Global Standards
Technical Person with Executive Function

Technical Person with Executive Function

Definition(s)

Technical Person with Executive Function

Person providing technical management of the skilled personnel, having adequate knowledge in the field of explosion protection, having familiarity with the local conditions, having familiarity with the installation and who has overall responsibility and control of the inspection systems for the electrical equipment within hazardous areas. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Visual Inspection

Visual Inspection

Definition(s)

Visual Inspection

Visually examining for a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities.

Source:API SPECIFICATION 19TT, Specification for Downhole Well Test Tools and Related Equipment, First Edition, October 2016. Global Standards

Visual Inspection

Inspection which identifies, without the use of access equipment or tools, those defects, such as missing bolts, which will be apparent to the eye. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Skilled Personnel

Skilled Personnel

Definition(s)

Skilled Personnel

Persons whose training has included instruction on the various types of protection and installation practices, the requirements of this standard, the relevant national regulations/company rules applicable to the installation and on the general principles of area classification. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Sample Inspection

Sample Inspection

Definition(s)

Sample Inspection

Inspection of a representative proportion of the electrical equipment, systems and installations. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Periodic Inspection

Periodic Inspection

Definition(s)

Periodic Inspection

Inspection of all electrical equipment, systems and installations carried out on a routine basis. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Live Maintenance

Live Maintenance

Definition(s)

Live Maintenance

Maintenance activities carried out while circuits are energized. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Initial Inspection

Initial Inspection

Definition(s)

Initial Inspection

Inspection of all electrical equipment, systems and installations before they are brought into service. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Detailed Inspection

Detailed Inspection

Definition(s)

Detailed Inspection

Inspection which encompasses those aspects covered by a close inspection and, in addition, identifies those defects, such as loose terminations, which will only be apparent by opening the enclosure, and/or using, where necessary, tools and test equipment. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Continuous Supervision

Continuous Supervision

Definition(s)

Continuous Supervision

Frequent attendance, inspection, service, care and maintenance of the electrical installation by skilled personnel who have experience in the specific installation and its environment in order to maintain the explosion protection features of the installation in satisfactory condition. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards
Close Inspection

Close Inspection

Definition(s)

Close Inspection

Inspection which encompasses those aspects covered by a visual inspection and, in addition, identifies those defects, such as loose bolts, which will be apparent only by the use of access equipment EXAMPLE Steps, (where necessary), and tools. Note 1 to entry: Close inspections do not normally require the enclosure to be opened, or the equipment to be deenergized. Source: IEC 60079-17:2013, Explosive atmospheres – Part 17: Electrical installations inspection and maintenance, Edition 5.0, November 2013. Global Standards