Functional Loads

Functional Loads

Definition(s)

Functional Loads

Functional loads are all loads on the pipe in operation, including all loads that act on the pipe in still water. Examples include weight, external hydrostatic pressure and internal pressure, thermal loads caused by content temperature, and seabed reactions. Source: API Standard 2RD, Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems, Second Edition, September 2013. Global Standards

Functional Loads

Loads that are a consequence of the system’s existence and use without consideration of environmental or accidental effects. Source: API Standard 2RD, Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems, Second Edition, September 2013. Global Standards

Functional Loads

All loads on the ancillary equipment during operation. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Functional Load

Load caused by the physical existence of the riser system and by the operation and handling of the system, excluding pressure loads. Source: API RP 17G, Recommended Practice for Completion/Workover Risers, Second Edition, July 2006 (Reaffirmed April 2011). Global Standards  

Functional Loads

Functional loads are loads arising from the physical existence and intended use of the C/WO riser system, without consideration of environmental or accidental loads. Source: API RP 17G, Recommended Practice for Completion/Workover Risers, Second Edition, July 2006 (Reaffirmed April 2011). Global Standards  

Functional Loads

“Functional loads” means loads which are caused by physical existence and use of the facility. Source: Petroleum and Natural Gas (Safety in Offshore Operations) Rules, 2008, India, 18th June 2008. Regulations
Free-locking Radius

Free-locking Radius

Definition(s)

Free-locking radius

Radius of a bend restrictor during lock-up without applied loading. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Flexible Riser Base Connection

Flexible Riser Base Connection

Definition(s)

Flexible riser base connection

Part of a riser base that forms the transition between the flexible pipe end fitting and the riser base structure. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Flexible Pipe System

Flexible Pipe System

Definition(s)

Flexible Pipe System

Fluid conveyance system for which the flexible pipe(s) is the primary component and which includes ancillary components attached directly or indirectly to the pipe. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Flexible Pipe System

Fluid conveyance system for which the flexible pipe(s) is/are the primary component and which includes ancillary components attached directly or indirectly to the pipe. Source: API RP 17B, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe, Fourth Edition, July 2008. Global Standards
Fire Protection

Fire Protection

Definition(s)

Fire protection

Layer of material that provides passive fire protection to the flexible pipe for a specified duration of time in the event of a fire. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Fire protection (active)

Any fire protection system or component which requires the manual or automatic detection of a fire and which initiates a consequential response. Source: API RP 14G, Recommended Practice for Fire Prevention and Control on Fixed Open-type Offshore Production Platforms: Upstream Segment, Fourth Edition, April 2007. Global Standards  

Fire protection (passive)

Any fire protection system or component, which, by its inherent nature, plays an inactive role in the protection of personnel and property from damage by fire. Passive fire protection functions independently of a requirement for human, mechanical, or other intervention to initiate a consequential response. Source: API RP 14G, Recommended Practice for Fire Prevention and Control on Fixed Open-type Offshore Production Platforms: Upstream Segment, Fourth Edition, April 2007. Global Standards
Final Net Buoyancy

Final Net Buoyancy

Definition(s)

Final net buoyancy

Net buoyancy at the end of the service life. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Female Interface Structure

Female Interface Structure

Definition(s)

Female interface structure

Bend restrictor interface structure that fits around the adjacent bend restrictor element. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Environmental Load

Environmental Load

Definition(s)

Environmental Loads

Load imposed directly or indirectly by the environment. EXAMPLE Wind, wave, and current load. Source: API Standard 2RD, Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems, Second Edition, September 2013. Global Standards  

Environmental Loads

Environmental loads are loads induced by external environmental parameters. Examples include wind, wave and current loads. Source: API Standard 2RD, Dynamic Risers for Floating Production Systems, Second Edition, September 2013. Global Standards

Environmental Load

Load induced by external environmental parameters. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Environmental Loads

Loads due to the environment. EXAMPLES Waves, current and wind. Source: API RP 17G, Recommended Practice for Completion/Workover Risers, Second Edition, July 2006 (Reaffirmed April 2011). Global Standards  

Environmental Loads

Environmental loads are those caused directly or indirectly by the ocean environment on  the C/WO riser system, and that are not classified as functional or accidental loads. EXAMPLES Hydrodynamic loads on the riser induced by direct action of waves and current are examples of environmental loads. Loads caused by environmentally induced vessel motions are also defined as environmental loads. Source: API RP 17G, Recommended Practice for Completion/Workover Risers, Second Edition, July 2006 (Reaffirmed April 2011). Global Standards  

Environmental Loads

Environmental loads are loads which are due directly or indirectly to environmental actions. All external forces which are responses to environmental loads are to be regarded as environmental loads, e.g., mooring forces and inertia forces. Source: Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Mobile Offshore Units, Part 4, Steel Unit Structures, June 2013, Lloyd’s Register, Global Standards  

Environmental Load

Environmental loads are loads induced by external environmental parameters. Source: API SPEC 17J, Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe, Third Edition, July 2008. Global Standards  

Environmental Loads

“Environmental load” means a load imposed by waves, currents, tides, wind, ice, sea ice, snow, an earthquake or any other naturally occurring phenomenon, or by any combination of those phenomena (charge environnementale). Source: Canada Oil and Gas Installations Regulations, SOR/96-111, Canada, current to May 1, 2014. Regulations Source: Canada Oil and Gas Diving Regulations, SOR/88-600, February 2013. Regulations Source: Nova Scotia Offshore Petroleum Installations Regulations, SOR/95-191, Canada, current to May 31, 2012. Regulations  

Environmental Loads/Actions

Loads/actions caused by environmental conditions. Source: Regulations relating to design and outfitting of facilities, etc. in the petroleum activities (the Facilities Regulations), Norway, April 2010 (amended December 2012). Regulations  

End Fitting Remote Interface Structure

End Fitting Remote Interface Structure

Definition(s)

End fitting remote interface structure

Bend stiffener interface structure where the end fitting is positioned outside the interface structure. NOTE An example of an end fitting remote interface structure is shown in Figure 3. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
End Fitting Adjacent Interface Structure

End Fitting Adjacent Interface Structure

Definition(s)

End fitting adjacent interface structure

Bend stiffener interface structure where the end fitting is positioned within the interface structure. NOTE An example of an end fitting adjacent structure is shown in Figure 2. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Dynamic Bend Restrictor

Dynamic Bend Restrictor

Definition(s)

Dynamic bend restrictor

Design scenario where there is intermittent lock-up between bend restrictor elements induced by external forces such as wave and current environmental loads. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Dry Repair

Dry Repair

Definition(s)

Dry Repair

Repair of a flexible pipe that has been retrieved from the water. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Dry Repair

Repair of a flexible pipe that has been retrieved from the water. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Diverless I/J-tube Seal

Diverless I/J-tube Seal

Definition(s)

Diverless I/J-tube seal

I/J-tube seal that does not require diver assistance. NOTE The seal is created by pulling it in to an I/J-tube. A clamping device resists the pull-in forces. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Diver-assisted I/J-tube Seal

Diver-assisted I/J-tube Seal

Definition(s)

Diver-assisted I/J-tube seal

I/J-tube seal that requires diver assistance to make-up the seal. NOTE It can incorporate a clamping device. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Deformed Locking Radius

Deformed Locking Radius

Definition(s)

Deformed Locking Radius

Radius of a bend restrictor during lock-up with applied loading. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Deformed Locking Radius

Radius of a bend restrictor during lock-up with applied loading. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Crushing Capacity

Crushing Capacity

Definition(s)

Crushing Capacity

Maximum localized radial compressive load that a flexible pipe can resist. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

 Crushing Capacity

Maximum localized radial compressive load that a flexible pipe can resist. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Connector

Connector

Definition(s)

Connector

Mechanical device used to connect adjacent components to create a pressure-containing structural joint resisting applied loads and preventing leakage.

Source: API Technical Report 17TR7, Verification and Validation of Subsea Connectors, First Edition, April 2017. Global Standards

Connector

Mechanical device used to connect adjacent components in the riser system to create a structural joint resisting applied loads and preventing leakage.
  • EXAMPLE (a) threaded types including

(i) one male fitting (pin) and one female fitting (box), or

(ii) two pins, a coupling and seal ring(s),

  • (b) flanged types including two flanges, bolts and a gasket/seal ring,
  • (c) clamped hub types including hubs, clamps, bolts and seal ring(s),
  • (d) dog type connectors.
Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards

Connector

Device used to provide a leak-tight structural connection between the end fitting and adjacent piping. NOTE It does not include flexible pipe end fittings. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Connector

Connectors are used to connect the flexible pipe end fittings on both sides of the flexible pipe to the adjacent piping, providing a both pressure-containing and structural connection. They may consist of a simple flanged arrangement that bolts to the end fitting, a clamped hub, or may be of a more complicated design that allows the connector to lock in place after it has been pulled in. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Connector

Mechanical device used to connect adjacent components in the riser system to create a structural joint resisting applied loads and preventing leakage. EXAMPLES Threaded types, including (i) one male fitting (pin), one female fitting (integral box) and seal ring(s), or (ii) two pins, a coupling and seal sea ring(s); flanged types, including two flanges, bolts and a gasket/seal ring; clamped hub types, including hubs, clamps, bolts and seal ring(s); dog-type connectors. Source: API RP 17G, Recommended Practice for Completion/Workover Risers, Second Edition, July 2006 (Reaffirmed April 2011). Global Standards  

Connector

Device used to provide a leak-tight structural connection between the end fitting and adjacent piping. NOTE It does not include flexible pipe end fittings. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Connector

Device used to provide a leak-tight structural connection between the end fitting and adjacent piping.
  • NOTE: Connectors include bolted flanges, clamped hubs, and proprietary connectors.
They may be designed for diver-assisted makeup or for diverless operation using either mechanical or hydraulic apparatus. Source: API SPEC 17J, Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe, Third Edition, July 2008. Global Standards
Composite Syntactic Foam

Composite Syntactic Foam

Definition(s)

Composite Syntactic Foam

Composite material consisting of a polymer matrix containing both microspheres and macrospheres. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards

Composite Syntactic Foam

Composite material consisting of a polymer matrix containing both microspheres and macrospheres. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Composite

Composite

Definition(s)

Composite

Polymeric resin-based composite that is reinforced with glass fibre. Source: ISO 14692-1:2017, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping — Part 1: Vocabulary, symbols, applications and materials, Second Edition, August 2017. Global Standards

Composite

Combination of a polymer material and a reinforcing material that enhances the properties of the polymer. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Clamp Inner Liner

Clamp Inner Liner

Definition(s)

Clamp inner liner

Part of some clamp bodies consisting of a compliant lining of material in contact with the flexible pipe outer sheath that allows for variations in the flexible pipe external diameter. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Clamp Body

Clamp Body

Definition(s)

Clamp Body

Part of a clamp that is in surface contact with the flexible pipe outer sheath. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards

Clamp Body

Part of a clamp that is in surface contact with the flexible pipe outer sheath. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Chinese Finger

Chinese Finger

Definition(s)

Chinese Finger

Device used during flexible pipe installation that consists of a meshed structure that grips around the flexible pipe outer sheath. NOTE The mesh is configured such that the higher the load applied to it, the tighter its grip. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Chinese Finger

Chinese fingers are typically used when transfer of tension is required from lifting devices to the flexible pipe. The Chinese finger typically consists of a cylindrical mesh of wire rope that wraps around a portion of the flexible pipe length and is connected to lifting equipment. An example of such a configuration is shown in Figure 38. The Chinese finger is designed such that the grip on the flexible pipe increases with increased tension applied to the Chinese finger. The Chinese finger is designed to impart load onto a flexible pipe principally in an axial direction. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Chinese Finger

Device used during flexible pipe installation that consists of a meshed structure that grips around the flexible pipe outer sheath. NOTE The mesh is configured such that the higher the load applied to it the tighter its grip. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Chinese Fingers

Woven steel wire or fabric sleeve that can be installed over a flexible pipe and drawn tight to grip it for support or applying tension to the pipe. Source: API RP 17B, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe, Fourth Edition, July 2008. Global Standards
Chemical Ageing

Chemical Ageing

Definition(s)

Chemical Ageing

Degradation of a material over time, due to exposure to chemicals, caused by changes at the molecular level. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Buoyancy Tank

Buoyancy Tank

Definition(s)

Buoyancy Tank

Part of some subsea buoys that consists of a pressure vessel filled with gas at ambient or higher pressure that gives uplift to the subsea buoy. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Buoyancy Tank

Part of some subsea buoys that consists of a pressure vessel filled with gas at ambient or higher pressure that gives uplift to the subsea buoy. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Buoyancy Module

Buoyancy Module

Definition(s)

Buoyancy Module

Buoys used in significant numbers at discrete points over a section of riser to achieve wave-shape riser configurations. NOTE See 4.4.6. Source: API RP 17B, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe, Fourth Edition, July 2008. Global Standards  

Buoyancy Module

Structure of low-mass material, usually foamed polymers strapped or clamped to the exterior of riser joints, to reduce the submerged mass of the riser. Source: API RP 17B, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe, Fourth Edition, July 2008. Global Standards  

Buoyancy Module

Discrete component, consisting of a buoyancy element, an internal clamp and any necessary fasteners to secure these components in position, used to provide net uplift to flexible pipes by attaching a series of such components along a length of pipe. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Buoyancy Modules

Buoyancy modules are used to achieve the wave-shape riser configurations [lazy (Figure 14), steep (Figure 15), pliant (Figure 24) and W-waves (Figure 16)]. A number of modules spaced at intervals along the flexible pipe are required to achieve a wave configuration. The buoyancy modules are typically composed of two components: an internal clamp and a syntactic or composite syntactic foam buoyancy element, as shown in Figure 17 a). Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Buoyancy Module

Discrete component, consisting of a buoyancy element, an internal clamp and any necessary fasteners to secure these components in position, used to provide net uplift to flexible pipes by attaching a series of such components along a length of pipe. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Buoyancy Element

Buoyancy Element

Definition(s)

Buoyancy element

Part of a buoyancy module or some subsea buoys that gives uplift to the module or buoy. NOTE The buoyancy element comprises a buoyant material that may have a protective external skin. It does not include buoyancy tanks. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Buoyancy element

Part of a buoyancy module or some subsea buoys that gives uplift to the module or buoy. NOTE The buoyancy element comprises a buoyant material that may have a protective external skin. It does not include buoyancy tanks. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Bridle

Bridle

Definition(s)

Bridle

Load-bearing structure that forms the transition between a subsea buoy frame and its tethers. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Bridle

Rigging components chain, with a Y-shape that may be used to connect a device attached to a flexible pipe (typically a tether clamp) to a fixed point. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Blown Foam

Blown Foam

Definition(s)

Blown Foam

Polymer foam containing no microspheres or macrospheres. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards

Blown Foam

Polymer foam containing no microspheres or macrospheres. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards
Bending Stress

Bending Stress

Definition(s)

Bending Stress

Portion of primary stress proportional to the distance from the centroid of a cross-section, excluding the effects of discontinuities and stress concentrations. NOTE Definition taken from API 2RD. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Bending Stress

A bending stress is a stress induced by a bending moment. It varies linearly with the distance from the centroid of the section and is calculated using the classical mechanics equation for bending stress (S = Mc/I). Source: API SPEC 16R, Specification for Marine Drilling Riser Couplings, Exploration and Production Department, First Edition, January 1997. Global Standards
Bend Stiffener Tip

Bend Stiffener Tip

Definition(s)

Bend Stiffener Tip

End of the bend stiffener body opposite the base. NOTE The bend stiffener tip, for a particular bend stiffener configuration, is shown in Figure 1. Source: API RP 17L2, Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards  

Bend Stiffener Tip

End of the bend stiffener body opposite the base. NOTE The bend stiffener tip, for a particular bend stiffener configuration, is shown in Figure 1. Source: API SPEC 17L1, Specification for Flexible Pipe Ancillary Equipment, First Edition, March 2013. Global Standards